1. Get a headlight. If you're riding at night, you should absolutely use a front headlight. It's required by law, anyway. Even for daytime riding, a bright white light that has a flashing mode can make you more visible to motorists who might otherwise Left Cross you.

2. Honk. Get a loud horn and USE IT whenever you see a car approaching (or waiting) ahead of you and to the left. If you don't have a horn, then yell "Hey!" You may feel awkward honking or yelling, but it's better to be embarrassed than to get hit.

3. Slowdown. If you can't make eye contact with the driver (especially at night), slow down so much that you're able to completely stop if you have to. Sure, it's inconvenient, but it beats getting hit. Doing this has saved my life on too many occasions to count.

4. Move right. Notice the two blue lines"A" and "B" in the diagram. You're probably used to riding in "A", very close to the curb, because you're worried about being hit from behind. But take a look at the car. When that motorist is looking down the road for traffic, he's not looking in the bike lane or the area closest to the curb; he's looking in the MIDDLE of the lane, for other cars. The farther right you are (such as in "B"), the more likely the driver will see you. There's an added bonus here: if the motorist doesn't see you and starts pulling out, you may be able to go even FARTHER right, or may be able to speed up and get out of the way before impact, or roll onto their hood as they slam on their brakes. In short, it gives you some options. Because if you stay all the way to the left and they pull out, your only "option" may be to run left into the driver's side door. Using this method has saved me on three occasions in which a motorist ran into me and I wasn't hurt, and in which I definitely would have slammed into their driver's side door had I not moved right.

Of course, there's a tradeoff. Riding to the far left makes you invisible to the motorists ahead of you at intersections, but riding to the right makes you vulnerable to the cars behind you. Your actual lane position may vary depending on how wide the street is, how many cars there are, how fast & how close they pass you, and how far you are from the next intersection. On fast roadways with few cross streets, you'll ride farther to the left, and on slow roads with many cross streets, you'll ride farther right.

Ride to the right. Ride far enough to the right that you won't run into any door that's opened unexpectedly. You may be wary about riding so far into the lane that cars can't pass you easily, but you're MUCH more likely to get doored by a parked car if you ride too close to it than you are to get hit from behind by a car which can clearly see you.

Don't stop in the blind spot. Simply stop BEHIND a car, instead of to the left of it, as per the diagram below. This makes you very visible to traffic on all sides. It's impossible for the car behind you to avoid seeing you when you're right in front of it.

Another option is to stop at either point A in the diagram above (where the first driver can see you), or at point B, behind the first car so it can't turn into you, and far enough ahead of the second car so that the second driver can see you clearly. It does no good to avoid stopping to the left of the first car if you're going to make the mistake of stopping to the left of the second car. EITHER car can do you in.

If you chose spot A, then ride quickly to cross the street as soon as the light turns green. Don't look at the motorist to see if they want to go ahead and turn. If you're in spot A and they want to turn, then you're in their way. Why did you take spot A if you weren't eager to cross the street when you could? When the light turns green, just go, and go quickly. (But make sure cars aren't running the red light on the cross street, of course.)

If you chose spot B, then when the light turns green, DON'T pass the car in front of you -- stay behind it, because it might turn left at any second. If it doesn't make a left turn left away, it may turn left into a driveway or parking lot unexpectedly at any point. Don't count on drivers to signal! They don't. Assume that a car can turn left at any time. (NEVER pass a car on the left!) But try to stay ahead of the car behind you until you're through the intersection, because otherwise they might try to cut you off as they turn left.

While we're not advocating running red lights, notice Otis in fact safer to run the red light if there's no cross traffic, than it is to wait legally at the red light directly to the left of a car, only to have it make a left turn right into you when the light turns green. The moral here is not that you should break the law, but that you can easily get hurt even if you follow the law.

By the way, be very careful when passing stopped cars on the left as you approach a red light. You run the risk of getting doored by a passenger exiting the car on the left side, or hit by a car that unexpectedly decides to pull into a parking space on the left side of the street.

1. Don't ride on the sidewalk. When you come off the sidewalk to cross the street you're invisible to motorists. You're just begging to be hit if you do this.

2. Ride to the right. Taking up the whole lane makes it harder for drivers to pass you to cut you off or turn into you. Don't feel bad about taking the lane: if motorists didn't threaten your life by turning in front of or into you or passing you too closely, then you wouldn't have to. If the lane you're in isn't wide enough for cars to pass you safely, then you should be taking the whole lane anyway. Lane position is discussed in more detail below.

3. Glance in your mirror before approaching an intersection.  (If you don't have a mirror, get one now.) Be sure to look in your mirror well before you get to the intersection. When you're actually going through an intersection, you'll need to be paying very close attention to what's in front of you.

1. Don't pass on the left. This collision is very easy to avoid. Just don't pass any vehicle on the left. If a car ahead of you is going only 20 km/hr, then you slow down, too, behind it. It will eventually start moving faster. If it doesn't, pass on the right when it's safe to do so.

When passing cyclists on the right, announce "on your right" before you start passing, so they don't suddenly move right into you. (Of course, they're much less likely to suddenly move right without looking, where they could be hit by traffic, then to suddenly move left, into a destination.) If they're riding too far to the right for you to pass safely on the right, then announce" on your left" before passing on the left.

If several cars are stopped at a light, then you can try passing on the left cautiously. Remember that someone can fling open the passenger door unexpectedly as they exit the car. Also remember that if you pass on the left and traffic starts moving again unexpectedly, you may suffer #3, the Red Light of Death.

Note that when you're tailing a slow-moving vehicle,  ride behind it, not in its blind spot immediately to the left of it. Even if you're not passing a car on the left, you could still run into it if it turns left while you're left next to it. Give yourself enough room to brake if it turns.

2. Look behind you before turning left. Here's your opportunity to avoid hitting cyclists who violate tip #1 above and try to pass you on the left. Look behind you before making a left-hand turn to make sure a bike isn't trying to pass you. (Also remember that they could be coming up from behind you on the sidewalk while you're on the street.) Even if it's the other cyclist's fault for trying to pass you on the left when you make a left turn and have them slam into you, it won't hurt any less when they hit you.

1. Don't ride on the sidewalk. When you come off the sidewalk to cross the street, you're invisible to turning motorists.

2. Get a headlight. If you're riding at night, you should absolutely use a front headlight. It's required by law, anyway.

3. Wear something bright, even during the day. It may seem silly, but bikes are small and easy to see through even during the day. Yellow or orange reflective vests really make a big difference. I had a friend ride away from me while wearing one during the day, and when she was about a 250 meters away, I couldn't see her or her bike at all, but the vest was clearly visible.

4. Slowdown. If you can't make eye contact with the driver (especially at night), slow down so much that you're able to completely stop if you have to. Sure, it's inconvenient, but it beats getting hit.

1. Never, ever move right without checking your mirror or looking behind you first. Some motorists like to pass cyclists within mere centimeters, so moving even a tiny bit to the right unexpectedly could put you in the path of a car.

2. Don't swerve in and out of the parking lane if it contains any parked cars. You might be tempted to ride in the parking lane where there are no parked cars, dipping back into the traffic lane when you encounter a parked car. This puts you at risk for getting nailed from behind. Instead, ride a steady, straight line in the traffic lane.

3. Use a handlebar mirror. If you don't have one, go to a bike shop and get one.

1. Get a rear light. If you're riding at night, you absolutely should use a flashing red rear light.

Bike shops have red rear blinkies for $15 or less. These kind of lights typically take two AA batteries, which last for months (something like 200 hours). I can't stress this item enough: If you ride at night, get a rear light and use it!

2. Choose wide streets. Ride on streets whose outside lane is so wide that it can easily fit a car and a bike side by side. That way a car may  zoom by you and avoid hitting you, even if they didn't see you!

3. Choose slow streets. The slower a car is going, the more time the driver has to see you. I navigate the city by going through neighborhoods. Learn how to do this.

4. Use back streets on weekends. The risk of riding on Friday or Saturday night is much greater than riding on other nights because all the drunks are out driving around. If you do ride on a weekend night, make sure to take neighborhood streets rather than arterials.

5. Get a mirror. Get a mirror and use it. If it looks like a car doesn't see you, hop off your bike and onto the sidewalk. Mirrors cost $5-15. Trust me, once you've ridden a mirror for a while, you'll wonder how you got along without it. My paranoia went down 80% after I got a mirror. If you're not convinced, after you've used your mirror for a month, take it off your bike and ride around and notice how you keep glancing down to where your mirror was, and notice how unsafe you feel without it.

6. Don't hug the curb. This is counter-intuitive, but give yourself a little space between yourself and the curb. That gives you some room to move into in case you see a large vehicle in your mirror approaching without moving over far enough to avoid you. Also, when you hug the curb tightly you're more likely to suffer a leftcross from motorists who can't see you.

1. Get a headlight. If you're riding at night, you should absolutely use a front headlight. It's required by law, anyway.

2. Slowdown. Slow down enough that you're able to completely stop if necessary.

3. Don't ride on the sidewalk in the first place. Crossing between sidewalks can be a fairly dangerous maneuver. If you do it on the right-hand side of the street, you risk getting slammed as per the diagram. If you do it on the left-hand-side of the street, you risk getting slammed by a car behind you that's turning left. You also risk getting hit by cars pulling out of parking lots or driveways. These kinds of accidents are hard to avoid, which is a compelling reason to not ride on the sidewalk in the first place.

And another reason not to ride on the sidewalk is that you're threatening to pedestrians. Your bike is as threatening to a pedestrian as a car is threatening to you. Finally, riding on the sidewalk is illegal in some places.  If you do plan on riding on sidewalks, do it slowly and EXTRA carefully, ESPECIALLY when crossing the street between two sidewalks.

Don't ride against traffic. Ride with traffic, in the same direction.

Riding against traffic may seem like a good idea because you can see the cars that are passing you, but it's not. Here's why:

1. Cars which pull out of driveways, parking lots, and cross streets (ahead of you and to the right), which are making a left onto your street, aren't expecting traffic to be coming at them from the wrong way. They won't see you, and they'll plow right into you.

2. How the heck are you going to make a left turn?

3. Cars will approach you at a much higher relative speed. If you're going 15hm/hr, then a car passing you from behind doing 50 approaches you at a speed of only 35 (50-15). But if you're on the wrong side of the road, then the car approaches you at 65 (50+15),which is 250% faster! Since they're approaching you faster, both you and the driver have lots less time to react. And if a collision does occur, it's going to be ten times worse.

4. Riding the wrong way is illegal and you can get ticketed for it.

There's one possible exception to riding the wrong way. When you're riding in the country on narrow, high-speed roads, it may be helpful to ride against traffic so you can see what you're up against. Compared to city traffic, country traffic is likely to have less road space for bikes and cars to share. That being the case, riding the wrong way allows you to bail into the shoulder if a car doesn't see you. You don't have problem #1 above because side traffic is rare, and #2 is avoided because you're riding primarily along one road and not turning left.

Country traffic is more likely to be sparse, which means that you may have the ability to switch to the "correct"side of the road when a car approaches you from a head. I did a 100-mile ride with a friend once, continually switching from the right-hand side of the road to the left-hand side depending on whether traffic was approaching us from ahead or behind, since a vehicle passed us only once every several minutes -- but when it passed us, it was doing 110km/hr+, and we wanted to be as far away from it as we could. But remember that vehicles will still approach you faster when you ride the wrong way, and it's still illegal. It's your choice.